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Basic

• EITHER Lea (1984), Instinct, environment and behaviour, Chapter 5 (Males, females and offspring). .......Roboro/TRC

OR Ridley, Mark (1995), Animal behavior (2nd edn), Chapter 8 (Sexual behavior). .......Roboro
• Ridley, Matt (1993). The red queen. Chapters 2 (The enigma), 6 (Polygamy and the nature of men) & 7 (Monogomy and the nature of women). .......TRC
• Shaw & Darling (1985). Maternalism - the fathering of a myth. New Scientist, 105(14 Feb), 10-13; or Strategies of being female, chaps Intro & 8 .......BJ or TRC
• Wilson Sociobiology pp. 159-167 of 1975 hardback edition [section on early social deprivation]  ........TRC/Roboro

Reading on intersexual relations:

• Jenni (1984), Female chauvinist birds, in G. Ferry, The understanding of animals. .......591.5UND/Roboro
• Kevles, B. (1986). Females of the species, chaps 1 (The female chooses), 5 (Reproductive strategies), 9 (The stuff of fables). .......591.56KEV
• EITHER Barash Chapters 10 (Strategies of reproduction I: sex and competition), 11 (Choosing a mate)

OR Krebs & Davies Introduction to behavioural ecology (Chapters on sexual conflict and parental care) ........TRC
• Wrangham, R. W. (1993). The evolution of sexuality in chimpanzees and bonobos. Human Nature, 4, 47-79. .......SEGL
• Hrdy, S. B. (1977). The langurs of Abu Chapter 9 (Two different species).......599.82HRD/Roboro
• Troisi, A., & Carosi, M. (1998).  Female orgasm rate increases with male dominance in Japanese macaques.  Animal Behaviour, 56, 1261-1266. .......BJ
• Barkow, J. H. (1989), Darwin, sex and status choose chapters.......591.5BAR
• Hrdy & Whitten (1987), Patterning of sexual activity in Smuts et al
• Johnson (1988). Sexual selection in pinyon jays: I. Female choice and male-male competition & II. Male choice and female-female competition. Animal Behaviour, 36, 1038-1047 & 1048-1053.......BJ
• Renouf, D. (Ed.) (1991), The behaviour of pinnipeds, chapters 2 [by LeBoeuf; a review focussing on phocid mating systems] & 1 [by Boness; more technical, on otariid mating systems]. .......599.745BEH
• Lifjeld et al (1993). Extra-pair paternity in monogamous tree swallows. Animal Behaviour, 45, 213-229.; & Dunn & Robertson (1993), Extra-pair paternity in polygynous tree swallows. Animal Behaviour, 45, 231-239........BJ
• Gagneux, P., Boesch, C., & Woodruff, D. S. (1999).  Female reproductive strategies, paternity and community structure in wild West African chimpanzees. Animal Behaviour, 57, 19-32. .......CJ/SEGL

Reading on parent-offspring relations:

• Trivers (1974) Parent-offspring conflict. Reprinted in T. H. Clutton-Brock & P. H. Harvey (Eds), Readings in sociobiology, pp. 233-257. .......591.5REA/Roboro
• Barash Chapters 13,14
• Hrdy, S. B. (1977). The langurs of Abu Chapter 8 (Infanticidal males and female counter-strategists) .......599.82HRD/Roboro
• Polis (1981). The evolution and dynamics of intraspecific predation. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 12, 225-281. .......P570A52
• Clutton-Brock, T. H. (1991), The evolution of parental care, chaps 1, 11, 12, 14.......591.56CLU
• Nicolson (1987), Infants, mothers and other females, in Smuts et al
• Whitten (1987), Infants and adult males, in Smuts et al
• Worlein et al (1988). Mating season effects on mother-infant conflict in Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata. Anim. Behav., 36, 1472-1481. .......BJ
• Maestripieri, D. (1998).  Parenting styles of abusive mothers in group-living rhesus macaques.  Animal Behaviour, 55, 1-11.
• Macdonald, D. W., et al (1987). Social dynamics, nursing coalitions and infanticide among farm cats Felis catus Discussion section.......599.74428SOC
• Turcotte & Bédard (1989). Shared parental investment, parent-offspring conflict and brood size in greater snow geese. Animal Behaviour, 38, 703-706. .......BJ
• Baker, P. J., Robertson, C. P. J., Funk, S. M., & Harris, S. (1998).  Potential fitness benefits of group living in the red fox, Vulpes vulpes. Animal Behaviour, 56, 1411-1424. .......CJ/SEGL

Questions for discussion

1. Anisogamy: Initial trigger or persisting cause of the evolution of sex differences?
2. What causes paternal care of young?
3. How good is the evidence for parent-offspring conflict?
4. What are the implications of infanticide for the species as a whole? Are they always malign?
5. Can we give a sociobiological account of the parental deprivation literature?

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Document revised 10th February 1999

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